Ancient Greek meteorology wasn't a science in the modern sense. It was deeply intertwined with religion and mythology. The weather wasn't just a natural phenomenon; it was the direct expression of the gods, primarily Zeus, but also Poseidon, Hera, and other deities. Each god controlled specific aspects of the atmosphere and its disturbances. A storm, for instance, wasn’t simply a collection of atmospheric pressure changes; it was Zeus’s wrath, often directed at mortals who had offended him.
“The heavens speak in thunder, and the earth responds with trembling.” – Hesiod, *Theogony*
Zeus: King of the Sky
Zeus controlled thunder, lightning, storms, and the winds. His appearance in the sky was always significant, often interpreted as a direct message or warning.
Poseidon: Lord of the Seas
Poseidon dictated the seas, causing storms, waves, and tsunamis. His influence was particularly felt near the coastlines, where sailors relied on his favor to ensure safe passage.
Hera: Protector of Marriage and Family
Though less directly involved in weather, Hera’s moods could influence atmospheric conditions, particularly during times of familial strife or unrest. A particularly severe storm might be seen as a manifestation of her displeasure.
Greek meteorologists, known as “metrologoi,” didn't utilize instruments in the way we would recognize today. Instead, they relied on careful observation and interpretation of natural signs.
The *Phenomena* of the historian Herodotus provides a detailed account of these observations, documenting the beliefs and practices of various Greek communities.
Early beliefs centered around the direct intervention of the gods in all weather phenomena. Myths surrounding Zeus's control over thunder and lightning were prevalent.
Philosophers, such as Anaximander, began to propose naturalistic explanations for weather, though these were often interwoven with religious beliefs.
Aristotle’s work on meteorology represented a significant step towards a more scientific approach, although his theories were still heavily influenced by mythology.