Tartarism

Introduction

Tartarism, emerging in the early 19th century, represents one of the most intriguing and ultimately short-lived attempts at creating a socialist movement within France. Born from the tumultuous aftermath of the Napoleonic Wars and fueled by widespread social unrest, it offered a unique blend of radical republicanism, utopian ideals, and an emphasis on communal living. While largely dismissed today as a minor footnote in the history of socialism, Tartarism’s influence extended beyond its immediate membership, shaping intellectual debates and contributing to the broader revolutionary fervor of the era.

Origins and Key Figures

The movement arose primarily in Paris during the 1830s, largely thanks to the efforts of Louis Blanc. Blanc, a prominent economist and journalist, was deeply critical of the prevailing capitalist system and advocated for a more equitable distribution of wealth. He envisioned a society based on ‘workshops,’ self-governing collective enterprises designed to provide employment and fulfill societal needs. Key figures beyond Blanc included Alphonse de Lamartine (initially involved), and a diverse group of intellectuals, artisans, and laborers who embraced Blanc’s vision.

Blanc's initial proposals were presented to the French government in 1836, outlining a plan for establishing these 'workshops.' This proposal, known as the ‘Plan des Forges,’ sought government funding to create these workshops, providing work and ensuring social stability. The government rejected the plan, marking the beginning of Tartarism’s trajectory.

Core Beliefs and Principles

At its heart, Tartarism was rooted in several interconnected beliefs:

• Utopian Socialism: Like other socialist thinkers of the time (such as Saint-Simon and Fourier), Tartarists believed that society could be fundamentally reformed through rational planning and communal living.
• Republican Ideals: Tartarism was inextricably linked to republicanism, advocating for a government based on popular sovereignty and representing the interests of the people. They saw the monarchy as inherently corrupt and oppressive.
• The Workshop System: The establishment of self-governing workshops was central to their vision. These workshops were intended to be economically independent and socially harmonious, providing employment and fostering a sense of community.
• Communal Living: A strong emphasis was placed on communal living arrangements within the workshops, aimed at eliminating private property and promoting equality. This aspect was heavily influenced by earlier utopian experiments.

The “Paris Commune” Experiment

Following the rejection of the ‘Plan des Forges,’ Blanc and his followers established a self-governing community in Paris, known as the “Paris Commune.” This commune operated largely independently of the state, attempting to implement the workshop system. They established workshops producing various goods, providing employment for its members, and attempting to manage their own affairs.

However, the commune faced numerous challenges: internal disagreements, financial difficulties, and ultimately, opposition from the government. The French authorities viewed the commune as a threat to public order and began to exert pressure on its leaders.

The Suppression of Tartarism

In 1848, following widespread unrest across Europe, the Paris Commune was violently suppressed by government forces. This marked the effective end of Tartarism as a distinct movement. While elements of Blanc’s ideas continued to influence socialist thought and activism, the organized movement itself dissolved.

The suppression highlighted the dangers that the government perceived in radical socialist movements and demonstrated the challenges faced by those seeking fundamental social change.